今天子所兴祠，太一、后土，三年亲郊祠，建汉家封禅，五年一修封。薄忌太一及三一、冥羊、马行、赤星，五，宽舒之祠官以岁时致礼。凡六祠，皆太祝领之。至如八神诸神，明年、凡山他名祠，行过则祠，行去则已。方士所兴祠，各自主，其人终则已，祠官不主。他祠皆如其故。今上封禅，其后十二岁而还，遍于五岳、四渎矣。而方士之候祠神人，入海求蓬莱，终无有验。而公孙卿之候神者，犹以大人之迹为解，无有效。天子益怠厌方士之怪迂语矣，然羁縻不绝，冀遇其真。自此之后，方士言神祠者弥众，然其效可睹矣。

太史公曰：余从巡祭天地诸神名山川而封禅焉。入寿宫侍祠神语，究观方士祠官之意，于是退而论次自古以来用事于鬼神者，具见其表里。后有君子，得以览焉。若至俎豆珪币之详，献酬之礼，则有司存。

诗句翻译

1 今天子所兴祠，太一、后土，三年亲郊祠，建汉家封禅，五年一修封。

  • “Today the emperor has built temples to Taiyi and Hougui, which are held three years after the official inspection of the capital by the emperor himself for a sacrifice to the heavens. The Han house also conducts sacrificial offerings every five years as part of its imperial ceremonies.”
  1. 薄忌太一及三一、冥羊、马行、赤星，五，宽舒之祠官以岁时致礼。
  • “Boji’s Temple to Taiyi (Taiyi) as well as the Five Sacred Mountains (Sangyi), Yingyang Horse Road (Ma Xing), and Red Star (Chu Xing), each have their own dedicated priests who perform rituals at specific times of the year.”
  1. 凡六祠，皆太祝领之。至如八神诸神，明年、凡山他名祠，行过则祠，行去则已。
  • “There are six main temples, led by the Tai Shu priests. For other deities not specifically listed, if they pass or are encountered on the way, they are worshipped accordingly.”
  1. 方士所兴祠，各自主，其人终则已，祠官不主。他祠皆如其故。今上封禅，其后十二岁而还，遍于五岳、四渎矣。
  • “The so-called ‘magicians’ initiated their own temples with the freedom to decide when and how they should be built. Once these individuals died, their temples ceased to exist. The temples managed by temple officials continued without any changes.”
  • “After Emperor Guangwu’s first equestrian sacrifice to the gods in 104 CE, he made it a point to pay tribute to the Five Great Mountains and Four Great Rivers annually, covering all ten regions of China.”
  1. 然方士之候祠神人，入海求蓬莱，终无有验。而公孙卿之候神者，犹以大人之迹为解，无有效。天子益怠厌方士之怪迂语矣，然羁縻不绝，冀遇其真。自此之后，方士言神祠者弥众，然其效可睹矣。
  • “However, despite this, the mages continued to seek the sea goddess Peleiu (Peng Hai) in search of her sacred mountain, without any tangible evidence of success.”
  • “Gong Zhang, an eunuch, still believed that the spirits of great men were responsible for the existence of the earth, offering no proof to support his beliefs.”
  1. 太史公曰：余从巡祭天地诸神名山川而封禅焉。入寿宫侍祠神语，究观方士祠官之意，于是退而论次自古以来用事于鬼神者，具见其表里。后有君子，得以览焉。若至俎豆珪币之详，献酬之礼，则有司存。
  • “Taishi Qin: I followed the emperor in carrying out sacrifices to the heavens and the earth, visiting various sacred mountains and rivers during the process of the sacrifice, and then proceeded to make a sacrifice to the gods under the name of Penghai. I was present at the sacrifice within the palace of immortality and observed the inner thoughts of those who conducted the sacrifices. Later, I retired from public service and wrote down these observations, providing a comprehensive overview of those who have performed religious rituals with respect to ghosts and demons throughout history. For those seeking insight into the details of ritual offerings such as chopsticks and jade, as well as the protocol for presenting and receiving gifts, the authorities have recorded them.”

注释

  • 太壹: 古代对天神的称呼之一。
  • 后土: 古代对地神的称呼之一。
  • 三年亲郊祠: 皇帝三年亲自进行祭祀活动。
  • 封禅: 古代帝王在泰山进行的祭天地的活动。
  • 薄忌: 古代神话中负责管理东海和南方地区之神的人。
  • 太祝: 古代负责祭祀活动的官员。
  • 公孙卿: 汉武帝时期的学者，主张神仙之说。
  • 大人之迹: 指古人认为的神明足迹或迹象。
  • 方士: 古代研究仙道、炼丹术等神秘学问的人士。
  • 海神: 传说中居住在海上的神祗。
  • 公孙卿候神: 公孙卿尝试通过寻找海神的方式验证自己的信仰。
  • 太史公: 司马迁的别称，此处是作者自称。
  • 俎豆圭币: 祭祀中使用的器具。
  • 献酬: 古代祭祀活动中的一种礼仪程序，表示敬意和回报神明。

赏析

此文描述了汉武帝时期，司马迁参与的一系列祭祀仪式及其背后的意义和目的。文章通过对不同人物和事件的叙述，展示了汉朝对神灵的态度以及与这些神灵相关的种种仪式和活动。同时，也反映了古代社会对于宗教和神秘学说的重视，以及这些观念在政治和社会生活中的影响力。

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