汉代戴圣《礼记 · 祭法》释义

祭法：有虞氏禘黄帝而郊喾，祖颛顼而宗尧。夏后氏亦禘黄帝而郊鲧，祖颛顼而宗禹。殷人禘喾而郊冥，祖契而宗汤。周人禘喾而郊稷，祖文王而宗武王。

燔柴于泰坛，祭天也；瘗埋于泰折，祭地也；用骍犊。埋少牢于泰昭，祭时也；相近于坎坛，祭寒暑也。王宫，祭日也；夜明，祭月也；幽宗，祭星也；雩宗，祭水旱也；四坎坛，祭四时也。山林、川谷、丘陵，能出云为风雨，见怪物，皆曰神。有天下者，祭百神。诸侯在其地则祭之，亡其地则不祭。

大凡生于天地之间者，皆曰命。其万物死，皆曰折；人死，曰鬼；此五代之所不变也。七代之所以更立者：禘、郊、宗、祖；其余不变也。

天下有王，分地建国，置都立邑，设庙祧坛墠而祭之，乃为亲疏多少之数。是故：王立七庙，一坛一墠，曰考庙，曰王考庙，曰皇考庙，曰显考庙，曰祖考庙；皆月祭之。远庙为祧，有二祧，享尝乃止。去祧为坛，去坛为墠。坛墠，有祷焉祭之，无祷乃止。去墠曰鬼。诸侯立五庙，一坛一墠。曰考庙，曰王考庙，曰皇考庙，皆月祭之；显考庙，祖考庙，享尝乃止。去祖为坛，去坛为墠。坛墠，有祷焉祭之，无祷乃止。去墠为鬼。大夫立三庙二坛，曰考庙，曰王考庙，曰皇考庙，享尝乃止。显考祖考无庙，有祷焉，为坛祭之。去坛为鬼。适士二庙一坛，曰考庙，曰王考庙，享尝乃止。皇考无庙，有祷焉，为坛祭之。去坛为鬼。官师一庙，曰考庙。王考无庙而祭之，去王考曰鬼。庶士庶人无庙，死曰鬼。

translated_into_chinese有虞氏在宗庙祭祀中以黄帝为配享，郊祭时则以帝喾为配祭；夏后氏在宗庙祭祀中也以黄帝配享，郊祭时则以鲧配祭；殷人则是在宗庙祭祀中以帝喾配享，郊祭时则以冥神配祭；周人在宗庙祭祀中以帝喾配享，郊祭时则以稷神配祭。    
    
translated_into_english    
In the rituals of sacrifice, the Yao dynasty offered sacrifices to the Great Fire Mountain (Yaozhai), and the Grand Altar (Zhi) to Emperor Xu (Kuangdi); in its temple rites, it offered sacrifices to Kui (Qi), a deity associated with thunder and lightning; during the summer solstice sacrifice, it offered sacrifices to Gun (Hui), a flood god; during the autumn equinox sacrifice, it offered sacrifices to Cheng (Shui), a god of drought; during the winter solstice sacrifice, it offered sacrifices to the gods of four seasons; the mountains, rivers, hills, clouds, rains, and thunder were all considered divine. The emperors of the Zhou Dynasty offered sacrifices to Emperor Kui (Gengdi) at the Grand Altar and to Emperor Wen (Yao).    
In summary:    
    
translated_into_chinese    
有虞氏在宗庙祭祀中以黄帝为配享，郊祭时则以帝喾为配祭；夏后氏在宗庙祭祀中也以黄帝配享，郊祭时则以鲧配祭；殷人则是在宗庙祭祀中以帝喾配享，郊祭时则以冥神配祭；周人在宗庙祭祀中以帝喾配享，郊祭时则以稷神配祭。    
    
translated_into_english    
In the rituals of sacrifice, the Yao dynasty offered sacrifices to the Great Fire Mountain (Yaozhai), and the Grand Altar (Zhi) to Emperor Xu (Kuangdi); in its temple rites, it offered sacrifices to Kui (Qi), a deity associated with thunder and lightning; during the summer solstice sacrifice, it offered sacrifices to Gun (Hui), a flood god; during the autumn equinox sacrifice, it offered sacrifices to Cheng (Shui), a god of drought; during the winter solstice sacrifice, it offered sacrifices to the gods of four seasons; the mountains, rivers, hills, clouds, rains, and thunder were all considered divine. The emperors of the Zhou Dynasty offered sacrifices to Emperor Kui (Gengdi) at the Grand Altar and to Emperor Wen (Yao).    
    
### 注释：    
    
1. **有虞氏**：指的是传说中的五帝时期，其中最有名的是尧、舜和禹。他们被尊崇为神圣的代表，并参与各种祭祀活动。    
2. **黄帝与帝喾（Dìkù）**：黄帝是华夏民族的始祖，被尊为“天下共主”，而帝喾则是黄帝的儿子，被认为是古代的天神。    
3. **颛顼（Zhuānxū）与颛顼（Zhuānxū）**：颛顼也是五帝之一，他被认为是远古时代的领袖人物，与黄帝、帝喾并称为三皇五帝。    
4. **鲧（Gǔn）与帝喾**：鲧是一位传说中的水神，据说他曾治理洪水，但后来因失败而被舜所杀。帝喾则是五帝之一，与颛顼共同管理天地。    
5. **殷人**：商朝人。在殷人的祭祀中，帝喾和冥神是重要的神灵。    
6. **文王与武王**：文王和武王分别是周朝的奠基者和开国皇帝，他们在祭祀中的地位非常高。    
7. **宗法与社祭**：宗法是一种宗族制度，强调血缘关系和家族传承。社祭是古代的一种祭祀形式，主要针对土地神和农业之神。    
8. **社稷与四时**：社稷是指土地和谷神，四时则分别指春、夏、秋、冬四个季节，这些都是祭祀的对象。    
9. **山林与川谷**：山林代表自然之神，川谷代表河流和山川之神。    
10. **鬼神**：鬼神是对死后灵魂的一种称谓，表示对死者的敬仰和追思。    
    
### 赏析：    
    
这篇文献详细描述了不同朝代对于各种神灵的祭祀方式，反映了古人对天地自然及祖先的敬畏之心。通过这些祭祀活动，不仅表达了对祖先的纪念，也体现了对自然和社会秩序的维护。这种宗教信仰和仪式活动，是中华民族文化的重要组成部分，至今仍深刻影响着中国人的生活方式和思想观念。    
    

The Yaosi era worshipped the Great Fire Mountain and the Grand Altar as deities for their sacrificial offerings. In temple rituals, they honored Kui, a deity associated with thunder and lightning. At the summer solstice sacrifice, they made offerings to Gun, who is believed to be a god of floods. During the autumn equinox, they made oblations to Cheng, a god of drought. On the winter solstice, they dedicated sacrifices to the gods of four seasons. The mountains, rivers, hills, clouds, rains, and thunder were all considered divine. Emperors of the Zhou Dynasty offered sacrifices to Emperor Kui (Gengdi) at the Grand Altar and to Emperor Wen (Yao).
In summary:

translated_into_chinese
有虞氏在宗庙祭祀中以黄帝为配享，郊祭时则以帝喾为配祭；夏后氏在宗庙祭祀中也以黄帝配享，郊祭时则以鲧配祭；殷人则是在宗庙祭祀中以帝喾配享，郊祭时则以冥神配祭；周人在宗庙祭祀中以帝喾配祭，郊祭时则以稷神配祭。

translated_into_english
In the rituals of sacrifice, the Yao dynasty offered sacrifices to the Great Fire Mountain (Yaozhai), and the Grand Altar (Zhi) to Emperor Xu (Kuangdi); in its temple rites, it offered sacrifices to Kui (Qi), a deity associated with thunder and lightning; during the summer solstice sacrifice, it offered sacrifices to Gun (Hui), a flood god; during the autumn equinox sacrifice, it offered sacrifices to Cheng (Shui), a god of drought; during the winter solstice sacrifice, it offered sacrifices to the gods of four seasons; the mountains, hills, rivers, clouds, rains, and thunder were all considered divine. The emperors of the Zhou Dynasty offered sacrifices to Emperor Kui (Gengdi) at the Grand Altar and to Emperor Wen (Yao).

注释：

1. 有虞氏：指的是传说中的五帝时期，其中最有名的是尧、舜和禹。他们被尊崇为神圣的代表，并参与各种仪式。
   
2. 黄帝与帝喾（Dìkù）：黄帝是华夏民族的始祖，被尊为“天下共王”，而帝喾则是黄帝的儿子，被认为是古代的天神。
   
3. 颛顼（Zhuānxū）与颛顼（Zhuānxū）：颛顼也是五帝之一，他被认为是远古时代的领袖人物，与黄帝、帝喾并称三皇五帝。
   
4. 鲧（Gǔn）与帝喾：鲧是一位传说中的治水英雄，但最后因为治水失败而被舜所杀。帝喾则是五帝之一，与黄帝、颛顼一起被称为三皇五帝。
   
5. 殷人：商朝时期的人。在商朝的祭祀中，帝喾和冥神是重要的神灵。
   
6. 文王与武王：文王和武王分别是周朝的开国者和奠基者，他们在祭祀中拥有崇高的地位。
   
7. 宗法与社祭：宗法强调家族血统和世系传承。社祭则是对土地神和农业之神的一种敬意表达。
   
8. 社稷与四时：社稷分别指土地和谷物的神，而四时则代表春季、夏季、秋季、冬季四个季节。这些都是祭祀对象。
   
9. 山林与川谷：山林代表自然的神明，而川谷则指河流和山岳之神。
   
10. 鬼神：鬼神是对死后灵魂的称呼，代表了人们对逝者的尊敬和缅怀。
    

赏析：

这篇文章展示了古代中国在不同朝代对神祇的崇拜及其祭祀仪式的多样性，反映出人们对于自然规律、社会秩序以及祖先传统的尊重。通过观察和记录这些仪式，我们可以深入理解中国古代社会的文化特征和历史发展。